The attitudes of Christianity Essay Example for Free

The attitudes of Christianity Essay Islam and Christianity share a lot of similarities and differences. One of the most important similarities that they share is that they are both universal religions. Both Islam and Christianity are monotheistic religions, believing in only one god, which is also believed by some religions researchers to be the same god, but referred with different nominatives. In the Christian religion it is referred to as Christ and in the Islam religion it is referred to as Allah. They do not only share these little similarities, but much more: like the beginning of the religions. In both holy books: the Bible for Christians and the Quran for Muslims, it is described the creation of the earth in the very firsts chapters. The Bible, as the Quran states that Christ created the world in six days; in the other hand the Quran states the same thing, but using the nominative of Allah instead than Christ. As time advanced many differences born between Christianity and Islam. Christianity and Islam looked at merchants and trade form different points of views. With the years, the views of both religions of trade and merchants have altered in positive and negative ways. During the early years of Christianity, trade was not viewed in a positive way, but it was more considered like an obstacle that would stand and block the bridge linking a person to heaven. In fact as we can see Document 1 states that being wealthy would place you further away from God and consequently, further away from Gods kingdom. a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. Being wealthy was thought of negatively by the New Testament, possibly meaning that earning a lower income would draw you nearer to God. In Christianity trade was seen depending on how the merchant was going to use the profit, because there are two prospective to see trade. The negative way; which is the one stated in Document1 is when someone trades with the purpose not to benefits other people, but to benefit himself with the profit. The other way, which is different is the positive way, is much  different because is the one where a merchant trades not only for benefit himself, but also to benefit others; donating part of the profit. Only in this way trade wouldnt be an obstacle in the bridge linking the person to heaven; but instead it would be a sort of shortcut. In fact Document 3, which describes the life of a twelfth-century British wealthy merchant named St. Godric, shows that there is a positive and negative way in which Christ looks at trade. Godric, after named St. Godric, was one of the firsts to understand the ways in which Christ looks at trade because even know that the Bible, or the word of Christ, stated that a wealthy man would hardly go to heaven, St. Godric proceeded trading. But he devoted himself to God, during his reteriment, using his wealth in charities, and aiding the poor people. He sold all his possessions and distributed them among the poor. For above all things he coveted the life of a hermit. This example shows that trade is not done only for personal benefits but that it is also done for the benefits of others, such as the poor and the sick people. During the seventh century Islam viewed merchants and trade in a positive way in fact many Muslims were traders or merchants traveling around the known world selling or trading their home goods, and so spreading the Islam culture and religion. Islam supports trade, but until a certain level. In fact Document 2, which is a part of the Muslims holy book, the Quran, instructs merchants how to trade lawfully and truthfully. If the two parties speak the truth and make it manifest, their transaction shall be blessed, and if they conceal and tell a lie, the blessing of their transaction shall be obliterated. On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith This quote shows that merchants and traders were supported by the Quran, and so by the Islam religion, as long as they traded honestly between each other. In conclusion the Islam religion supported the Muslims merchants and allowed them to trade as long as they did not steal from each other and were honest. Christianity has changed over the centuries. The radical changed is that Christians now accept trade in a positive way, but must be done accordingly.  In Document 4, Thomas Aquinas, a leading Scholastic theologian of 1273, almost 1100 years after Document 1 was written, describes how to trade in the way that Christ will accept it. As we have seen in Document 1, Matthew states that a merchant should not sell something to another man for more than it is worth. All thingswhatsoever you would that men should do to you do you also to them. In the opposite hand, Thomas Aquinas is tring to interpret that message by saying that trade is allowed as long as the merchant doesnt cheat its costumer or sells things that are not of his property. During that period people started thinking differently because at the early years of Christianity people so trade in a negative way; while during the thirteenth century people started thinking that Christ influenced people to trade and that with his presence their trading will go well; and so we can conclude that a new similarity between Islam and Christianity born, because according to Document 2 Muslims could trade as long as they were honest between each other. Also Document 6 supports the fact that a radical changed occurred because, one of the merchants states in a letter: With God always before us, we will carry out your bidding. Christianitys views on trade and merchants have changed from being condemned, to being used for daily life. Also Islams views about trade and merchants got better with the years, because the Muslims like the Christians made it a daily occupation; and infact in document 5 Ibn Khaldun mainly writes about the importance of trade and making profit. This is a sign of change because in Document 2 it states that you shouldnt sell something for more than it is worth. Islam, as Christianity, has not followed the writings of the Quran. This is another similarity between the two universal religions that shows that the two religions are very alike. Document 7, which describes a problem that had occurred during a trade transaction, shows that a negative change occurred in Muslims merchants: they started to think to much about the profit that hey were going to make, and so forgot the writings in the Quran. Both Christianity and Islam have changed over time, due to scholars who thought openly to the New Testament and the Quran. Since trade in both of  the religions had started off at different paces and different starting points, their views on trade and merchants turned out different. Overall, Christianitys development was more righteous and more realistic than the development of Islam. Christianity and Islam have altered because of different perspectives of scholars of their religions and due to the requirement and changes of the market. To better understand the development of trade according to Christianity, I would need an additional document that describes if the Christians merchants took advantage of the situations to cheat on their costumers or if they respected the new developments: trade was allowed as long as the merchants were honest between each other. If I would have the opportunity to have that document I could make a final affirmation about the developments of Christianity from the early years until 1500 C.E.

The Maori Of New Zealand :: essays research papers

The Maori of New Zealand The Maori people, the natives of New Zealand, have played a strong part in the development and success of the small island nation. Their ferocity and determination won the respect of the colonizing English, and to this day they are esteemed members of the society. They hold positions in their government and are in control of their own destinies. Their greetings and posture when having their picture taken for the outside world is a part of culture that I would like to discuss. Years ago, back in the days of rampant imperialism, the English navy found the part of the world that today is referred to as "down under". They originally came first to Australia, but it was only a matter of time before New Zealand, Australia's tiny neighbor, was discovered also. The mighty English, who at the time was one of the world powers, subjugated the natives of Australia, the Aborigine people. The Aborigine, having very little technology, were easily subdued and the land became an English colony, used at first for its natural resources but also as a exile or prison colony. The lack of resistance from the natives made it relatively easy for the English to accomplish their task. This gave the Aborigine absolutely no respect from the English, and almost to this day are they treated as inferiors, by the English. This was not the case with the neighboring Maori's. As stated before, the English eventually found their way to the south, where the beautiful island lay untouched by foreign hands. They also found that the island had a native populace just as Australia had had. But one thing was very different from these natives. The English, thinking that this island was also theirs for the taking, met heavy resistance from the Maori. Many an English life was lost at the hands of these fiercesome warriors, and even though they were outclassed technologically, still did the Maori fight on. Their persistance and desire to defend their land from the invading outsiders won them the respect and admiration of the English. Presently, they hold positions of power in the New Zealand parliament and are regarded as equals in society. When a Maori takes a picture for the outside world, e.g. for a post card or tourist, their ferocity and determination are shown in their stance and posture. They strike a fighting pose, with one arm raised above their heads in an attack position and the other in front of them, ready to defend their midsection. The best aspect is their facial expressions.

Benefits of Internship

One of the highlighted part as a graduating college student was conducting On-the-job training or internship. This Training exposes us to the real environment of a certain organization. Thus, adjusting oneself and mingling others is a must to cope up with different standards and attitudes of every individual in a particular field of industry. In furtherance, OJT will be a bridge to enhance our skills in communication and technical activities that makes it a plus point the sooner we landed a job and help ease the culture shock while dealing with different specialized people of their expertise.May 30, 2012 was the date when I started my on the job training at The Nielsen Company, located at Edsa Mandaluyong City. It is an international publishing and information company that is active in the markets for consumer and professional information. In line with my course, I was assigned in IT Department of the Company. Our task has something to do with Networking and Troubleshooting. And as a n OJT technical support, we also assemble lines and switches for local area networks (LAN), creating connections between several workstations by using cables and also wireless technology.We ensure the proper function of computer networks by making certain components are connected properly throughout the LAN/WAN infrastructure and by monitoring server deployment and security. We are also tasked to set up and configure computers. My first day as intern is not that easy, mixed with excitement and unexplainable fear, it is my first time to enter the reality of our chosen field. Since my schedule starts from 9:00 in the morning, I have to awake as early as 7:00 am.At first, it is a big challenge for me to wake up that early, but as the days goes by, I learned how to cope with that situation. At first, our supervisor oriented me on what to do and exposed to other employees as well. As the days pass by, I learned to adapt new things with this kind of environment. This was serve as a bridge for more learning. To tell you honestly, I have a lot of first time in my stay in Nielsen including my first time to have a conversation to a foreigner. All employees are very nice to be with , made my stay very easy.After finishing my internship here at Nielsen, I may now say that I am ready for my future career in the field of ICT. The knowledge and experiences that this company shared to me will help me in the future to become a successful engineer. In 5 months of being an intern here, I gained more confidence and learned how to communicate well with other people. Therefore I conclude that being an intern here at Nielsen is far more enjoyable than I expected. I will treasure all my experience and learnings for the rest of my life.

Copyright Holders - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2032 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Commons now a days is defined as the set of several elements that include â€Å"literature, art, music, film, design, radio, television, software, information and heritage sites†. Commons have been characterized into different classes which are- digital commons and environmental commons. Digital commons as defined by Mayo Fuster is the resources of information and knowledge, which are developed and possessed or distributed among two agencies or people that are freely available to the public. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Copyright Holders" essay for you Create order Public domain refers to those creative works whose rights of intellectual property or commons have been expired or have lost the copyright. These works are now available to public but are unavailable for the non-government agencies to own it. For example the plays written by Shakespeare and the theories or laws formulated by albert Einstein. Opposite of this is copyrighting, which refers to the legal ownership of a specific work by its creator and the creator have rights to use its work publicly and distribute, though for a limited period of time. The work that have been copyrighted to a particular person or an agency is said to be â€Å"under license† or â€Å"with permission†. This essay inter relates these three terms and specifies that how copyright holders enclose the commons and what is its effect on the public. Copyright Term The Australian copyright law establishes the policies and laws for the rights of creators and works of artists. After amendment, Aust ralian copyright law 1968, defines the scope of copyright in the country. There has been a lot of extension in copyright terms throughout 20th century. On 1 may 1969, Australian copyright act 1968 came into existence. The first major amendment occurred in 1974, when the government of Whitlam authorized Copyright Law Committee, headed by Justice Franki, to look over the effect of reprographic reproduction on Australian copyright law. The committee was also given the power of examining the influence of Xeroxing and â€Å"to recommend any alterations to the copyright law of Australia to effect a proper balance of interest between owners of copyright and the users of copyright material in respect of reprographic reproduction†. The other power or work of the Australian Copyright Law is to set the copyright term that is the time interval assigned to an agency or person to have the ownership of commons. â€Å"plus 50† rule was used in Australia before 2004, according to which the copyrighted work or commons was put in the public domain for 50 years after the death of owner. But this law was amended in 2006 and was changed to â€Å"plus 70† that is Putting the work in public domain for 70 years after the death of owner. This â€Å"plus 70† rule is also used by the other countries like United States of America, and the other countries included in the European Union. As per Berne convention, the minimum time in between the death of creator and entering of his work in public domain is 50 years. Crown copyright is not included in this extension from â€Å"plus 70† to â€Å"plus 50†. Moreover, according to â€Å"plus 70† rule- The work is out of copyright if it was published in the lifetime of its creator, who died before January 1, 1955 The work is out of copyright even after 70 years of the creator’s death, if the work was published in the lifetime of its creator, who died after December 31, 1954 The work is out of copyright even after 70 years of its publication, if the work was published after the death of its creator The work is indefinitely open for copyrighting which was never published by its creator. Pictures, audios, movies and other commons are copyrighted for 70 years after their publication. Whereas video and audio broadcasts are open for only 50 years of copyright after the first broadcasting year. The copyright term generally depends or starts, after the creator’s death, from the day of its first broadcast or publication or performance. The period of 70 or 50 years is considered to start from the end of the concerned calendar year. Except for the commons falling under the â€Å"Rule of shorter term†, it is important to note that the country from which the work originates, the country where the work is published or the nationality of the creator are not the key aspects of the copyrighting. Copyright term may differ from country to country. Extension to plus 70 There have been frequent debate regarding the extension of copyright term to â€Å"plus 70† from â⠂¬Å"plus 50†. Many people find this extension of copyright unconstitutional as when the expiry date of copyright comes, the copyright holders demand or bargain the government and mostly extends the right of ownership on existing works, due to this the general public is deprived of the benefit that was due to them under the Australian copyright law and is considered as theft of intellectual property from the general public. When the government does not grant extension to the current copyright holders, then they protest by considering the non-extension of their works as theft. The 70 years of extension to copyright seems to be illogical as most of the owners are dead by then. The extension is done to benefit the family of the owner, who might die before his ownership ends. But this extension of copyright also deprives the future generation and force them to wait a little longer to get the ownership of past work as the work is neither under the ownership of its creator nor it is in the public domain. So people consider the extension as legal theft of their intellectual property. According to section 51(xviii) of Australian constitution, it is under the power of federal parliament to â€Å"copyright commons, patent inventions and designs and trade mark†, without concerning about limiting the time interval of ownership. Moreover, according to section 51(xxxvi), it is under the power of federal parliament to establish policies for â€Å"the acquisition of property on just terms from any state or person for any purpose in respect of which the Parliament has power to make laws†. So it can be said that the copyright extensions to â€Å"plus 70† is unconstitutional unless the general public are properly remunerated. RIP: A Remix Manifesto, which is a documentary investigating the issues of copyright also talks about the copyright extensions of existing works. According to this documentary, with the copyrighting the future open source cinema is becoming less free and to make these societies free government has to limit the tie interval of ownership of existing works. This documentary distinct the copyrighting from the public domain and promotes the free flow of information and art (Galor 2008). Impact of Internet Culture is nothing but the sharing of behaviors, ideas and artifacts among people. This creates a passing of standards from one generation to another. Internet was started for the communication but now affects the way that culture is created and shared. Because of the internet, now culture of various societies can be more easily explored and one can know about one’s culture just through a search engine. So one can learn culture even without experiencing it and he or she can decide if he/she is interested or not on experiencing it. Because of this uniqueness of culture has diminished. So the internet will keep changing the way culture is shared and created with its increasing use. It is important to k eep a look on this effect so that we can limit the negative effects and increase the positive effects. Australian government is working for minimizing the negative effect through Stop Piracy Act and Protect IP Act. Fair Use According to copyright law of Australia it is definitive that legal enforceable creator’s rights of creativity and artistic works under the Australian law have to be done with fair dealing. The copyright scope in Australia has a definition in Australian copyright act in 1968 having application throughout the Australian national law. Designs have to be covered through Copyright Act along with the Design Act. According to legislation of Australian the basis is on the section 51 authority of the copyright law in Australia which is federal and has an establishment through the parliament of Australia. When looking into the past, the copyright law of Australia was followed by copyright law in Britain but now it has a reflection of international standards t hat are found in the convention of Berne as per the Literary protection and Artistic working scenarios and other agreements of International copyright. This also discusses multilateral treaties and most recently consists of the free agreement presented by U.S-Australia agreement. The clear exception to the infringement of copyright in Australia has an emergence under the heading of fair dealing. This concept is somewhat comparative to the concept of fair use in U.s and in Australia is considered as a work used specifically in recognition to something whose copyright cannot be violated. However, fair use has specific range purposes that vary by work type and the possibilities consists of reviewing and criticizing, researching and studying, reporting the news, proceedings of judicial aspects or advice in professional legal dimensions along with parody and satires. For using a fair use, it is important that any of these mentioned purposes are fair. Dependence of what can be termed as f air is on the circumstances that include work nature, the use nature and the use effect on all the commercial markets throughout the working dimensions. There is therefore, a specific divisions are responsible for fair use in Australia. These comprise of exceptions special division applied with the help of computer programs, special exceptions of division in public places and the licenses of statutory framework which must be allowed to be used by schools, universities and also the licensing fee payment set either through copyright tribunal or through agreement. There is also a recognition of temporary copies under the Australian copyright law. These copies are stored under the memory of the computer with a term used as reproduction falling under the exclusive right owner copyright aspects. There are temporary copies exceptions present as well but these are not to be considered. Now, it becomes important to understand that copyright has to be taken care from the perspective of copyri ght. The copyright which is owned by an owner requires the owner to consist of a legal document. This legal document should contain a detail of the first publication and the name of the owner. In addition, the copyrights owned by the government are the ones which do not infringe any copyright if there is an action. The authority here Is only the government. So, if a copyright is owned by the government then it Is not free use until the government mentions this. Not only general public and future generation is working or protesting against the copyright extensions, but some authors also criticize this extension. One of these writers is Lawrence Lessig, who in his book â€Å"The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World† criticizes this extension. According to him the copyrights do help the authors in terms of recognition and reward but long term copyright can destroy creativity and innovation as â€Å"future always builds on the past†. This book also highlights the protests of several organizations that promote the protection of intellectual property (Lessig 2001). Conclusion After going through all the government laws and individual aspects regarding the copyright and extension it can be concluded that general public is against it while current copyright holders are for the extension of copyright. It is clear that copyrighting is not the issue but its extension do suppress the creativity and innovation. After reviewing the â€Å"Building an Australasian Commons: creative commons case studies†, it can be said that the Australian Creative Commons is impressively working for the benefit of public by lobbying for the promotion licenses for free content and policies for open access of information. They are educating Australian government, cultural agencies and educational institutions by their conferences and campaigns. So, more work is required to make the government aware of the negative effect of copyrighting and th e issues related to it (Creative Commons 2013 ). References Building the Australasian Commons: Creative Commons Case Studies, Volume 1. Galor, Brett 2008. RIP: A Remix Manifesto. National Film Board of Canada, EyeSteelFilm. Lessig, Lawrence 2001. The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World. New York: Random House. 1